The RAMP Study - Rejuvenation of the Aging Microbiota With Prebiotics

Inclusion Criteria:

   - 60 years old and older

   - Otherwise, healthy subjects willing and able to provide blood as well as stool
   specimens

   - Must be able to provide signed and dated informed consent and be willing to follow
   protocol

Exclusion Criteria:

   - Body Mass Index >= 40

   - LDL-C > 190 mg/dL

   - Systolic Blood Pressure >160 mmHg OR Diastolic Blood Pressure > 90 mmHg

   - Use of any of the following drugs/supplements within the last 2 months:

      - systemic antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals or antiparasitics (intravenous,
      intramuscular, or oral);

      - corticosteroids (intravenous, intramuscular, oral, nasal or inhaled)

      - cytokines

      - methotrexate or immunosuppressive cytotoxic agents

      - metformin

      - proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)

   - Regular use of any of the following medications:

      - regular dose aspirin (>81mg/day)

      - opiate pain medication

   - Use of large doses of commercial probiotics consumed (greater than or equal to 10-8
   cfu or organisms per day) - includes tablets, capsules, lozenges, chewing gum or
   powders in which probiotic is a primary component. Ordinary dietary components such as
   fermented beverages/milks, yogurts, foods do not apply.

   - Acute disease at the time of enrollment. Acute disease is defined as the presence of a
   moderate or severe illness with or without fever. Examples include flu or
   gastroenteritis. Defer sampling until subject recover.

   - Chronic, clinically significant, unstable (unresolved, requiring on-going changes to
   medical management or medication) pulmonary, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, hepatic
   or renal functional abnormality, as determined by medical history. Type 2 diabetes,
   type 1 diabetes, and dialysis will be excluded.

   - History of active uncontrolled gastrointestinal disorders or diseases including:

      - inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) including ulcerative colitis
      (mild-moderate-severe), Crohn's disease (mild-moderate-severe), or indeterminate
      colitis;

      - irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) (moderate-severe);

      - persistent, infectious gastroenteritis, colitis or gastritis, persistent or
      chronic diarrhea of unknown etiology, Clostridium difficile infection (recurrent)
      or Helicobacter pylori infection (untreated).

   - History of active cancer in the past 3 years except for squamous or basal cell
   carcinomas of the skin that have been medically managed by local excision.

   - Unstable dietary history as defined by major changes in diet during the previous
   month, where the subject has eliminated or significantly increased a major food group
   in the diet.

   - Recent history of chronic excessive alcohol consumption defined as more than five
   1.5-ounce servings of 80 proof distilled spirits, five 12-ounce servings of beer or
   five 5-ounce servings of wine per day; or > 14 drinks/week.

   - Positive test for HIV, HBV or HCV.

   - Any confirmed or suspected condition/state of immunosuppression or immunodeficiency
   (primary or acquired) including HIV infection.

   - Surgery of the GI tract, with the exception of cholecystectomy and appendectomy, in
   the past five years. Any major bowel resection at any time.

   - Regular/frequent use of smoking or chewing tobacco, e-cigarettes, cigars or other
   nicotine-containing products.

   - Any confirmed or suspected autoimmune disease. Examples include multiple sclerosis and
   Graves disease.

   - Veganism.

   - Dairy allergies.