Ultrasound Therapy Effects to Modulate the Inflammatory Reflex

Inclusion Criteria:

   - Individuals between 22 and 65 years of age

   - No physical disabilities or conditions/diseases that limit capacity to participate in
   study procedures or otherwise increases risk of harm

   - No significant past medical or surgical histories that would render participants at a
   greater risk of harm

   - Sufficient proficiency with the english language to follow verbal instructions during
   the ultrasound session and to actively participate in the consent process

   - Able to attend all study visits at approximately the same time of day (i.e., 8 - 12
   pm)

   - Able to comprehend the study goals and procedures, and are able to provide informed
   consent for participation

Exclusion Criteria:

   - Individuals participating in another research study that may affect the conduct or
   results of this study

   - Individuals considered substantially overweight or obese via body mass index (≥ 29)

   - Individuals having or exhibiting any of the following:

      - surgery in the past 90 days

      - previous surgery of the spleen or splenectomy, esophagus, lungs, stomach,
      duodenum, or liver

      - recent traumatic injury, including intracerebral hemorrhage and visceral injury

      - end stage renal disease and/or uremia

      - active malignancy

      - previous leukemia and/or lymphoma

      - human immunodeficiency virus infection or AIDS

      - rheumatoid arthritis or other immune-mediated diseases (e.g. inflammatory bowel
      disease)

      - arrhythmias, including but not limited to, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter,
      clinically significant bradycardia, ventricular arrhythmias, and A-V block

      - implanted pacemaker or cardioverter/defibrillator (AICD)

      - a history of stable or unstable angina, myocardial infarction, angioplasty or
      coronary arterial by-pass grafting surgery

      - history of stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA)

      - history of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and/or pulmonary embolism (PE)

      - previous episodes of pancreatitis

      - spinal disorders

      - chronic pain syndromes

      - history of thrombosis or bleeding disorders

      - stage III-IV pressure ulcers

      - sickle cell anemia or other anemia syndromes

      - monocytosis

      - thrombocytopenia

      - diagnosed with fever of unknown origin (FUO)

      - previously or currently implanted vagus nerve stimulator

      - previously or currently implanted spinal cord stimulator

      - other chronically-implanted electronic medical device

      - history of diabetes

      - history of hypertension

      - history of seizures

      - history of cancer

   - Individuals who have taken any of the following medications within one week of
   receiving ultrasound delivery:

      - anti-coagulant (Coumadin, Xarelto)

      - anti-platelet (aspirin, Plavix)

      - anti-inflammatory (aspirin, NSAIDs)

      - anti-hypertensive (α-methyldopa)

      - epinephrine-related drugs, norepinephrine-related drugs, and drugs that stimulate
      release of epinephrine and/or norepinephrine (Micronefrin, Asthmanefrin)

      - immunosuppressive agents (steroids, newer immunomodulatory drugs)

      - alpha and/or beta adrenoceptor blocking agents

      - anti-seizure medications

      - other medications, supplements, etc. that may interfere with the ultrasound
      delivery or study results

   - Individuals that consumed alcohol within 2 days of the baseline visit

   - Individuals currently using or have used tobacco or nicotine products within the past
   1 month

   - Pregnant women